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Maps of the Qing   by Bel1979326

Qing Dynasty in the process of reunification of the country, using a new method of modern cartography, according to the jurisdiction of Chinese dynasties and the frontier territory of the activities of various nationalities, the national mapping the boundaries of the map and the scope of the Qing Dynasty closely linked, with particular attention the boundaries of ministries dealing with frontier territory of the country’s relations. To the mid-18th century, many European countries, neither the beginning or not yet completed their geodetic, China has already completed a modern cartography method of measuring the country’s latitude and longitude, and on this basis the State to draw a complete map.
First, the scope of border territory of the nation’s relations with the Qing state map
Twenty five years of Emperor Kangxi (1686), Emperor Kangxi encyclical: “Hajime opening Bureau, the quest for documents, quality plans set by the … …. Ese mountains, customs figures, his hand can cure, painted map”, indicating to draw national map.Kangxi the first one drawn maps of the country as the “Huang Yu full view map.” Draw a dozen rows Yongzheng “imperial Maps.”Qianlong draws “Qianlong atlas within the government” (aka “Thirteen row Qianlong map”).
Kang, Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns in drawing the map of national territories, 18 provinces and North China, South East, northern and southern border areas of the mapping work more smoothly, and the Northwest Frontier and the latitude and longitude measurements Tibet difficult, but also need to make the ownership of territory more research, and inspections.
According to the Qing Dynasty in accordance with which to draw the northwest, Tibet and southeast boundaries of territorial waters to determine the territory of the national territory, drawing national map it?
First of all territory in northwestern China as an example the Junggar briefly described:
Twenty years of Qianlong (1755) Qing imperial court crushed quasi Department of the Cabinet Edict Qianlong: “Junggar tribes do … … the mountains into the territory should be detailed relative degrees hang, Huang Yu load full map to clear to the Shing Unity abroad” also That is, Qing imperial court crushed the Junggar, unified Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories scope of the Junggar-controlled territory, the boundaries should be included in the scope of the Qing Dynasty. Qianlong said: “Where the Junggar-owned land, back to the sub-tribe, the history of Iraq understand that there are mass coincide with the Han and Tang Dynasties, precedents, according to persons, and before the arrival of the Han and Tang of the Department, one by one inquiry of the natives, for the record fine , the case of the Zouwen token of mining Series “Junggar inherited boundaries of the Han and Tang China’s history since its national interest, labor, development of the land, mapping the Qing Dynasty, it is necessary to consider the scope of the Junggar actual control of the territory, but also study the history and scope of activities of all ethnic groups since the Han and Tang recorded in historical scope of the national territory.
Territory in the northwest Junggar: Tulichen in the “exotic recorded” and reads: “Tuomu Scott … … here Tata La Barba nervous with the two people together at the. … … E Ross, Kazakhstan, Halakhah A pair of children States, making even the world jump La Butan four countries bordering the Tata La residence here, and Barbara E Rose nervous man, two policies are satisfied jump Labu Tan Fu. ” Said Tuomu Tulichen Scott (Tomsk) was the most northern boundary of the Junggar territory, after the Russian forces advancing south, was forced to retreat Junggar Junggar Russian envoy had proposed: between the past era of Russia and the Junggar The boundaries, once set along the Irtysh River to the mouth of E Wood, Wood River and then up to the E along the Ob River. … … Borders along the right tributary of the River Ob River Wu Ye Paper (English, Virginia River) or black wood River east to Hubei. At the same time has been stipulates that parties shall not exceed the here and move forward … … but those from Russia crossed the border areas, and established the City: Tomsk, Novokuznetsk, and g are Snow Royal Trask … …. “20 17th century years, the border negotiations with Russia had Junggar, the two sides to determine the boundaries of Wood River and along the jaw on the Ob River Noire line, this line north of the territory was placed under the Russian, the line south of the Junggar return. Since the invasion of Russia, the Junggar gradually goes north to south, according to “History of the Junggar Khanate”, “Huang Yu Chi Western Figure,” “pacification Junggar Strategy” and other books written, before the middle of the 17th century, north of the West Junggar Talas sector in general is: from E Wood River Irtysh River and dating back to the ?????? on the south west by Lake Balkhash, through to the middle reaches of the Chu River Talas. (now Dzhambul) to the mid-18th century, except the west Junggar territory a slight change in the outside, from the Ust – kamen nur Gore Trask River to the south along the Aya Goose Lake Balkhash, Lake Balkhash and then from the west to the middle reaches of the Chu River through a change in Talas is not. “pacification strategy Junggar,” it reads: Love Goose Creek in the 18th century became the Junggar and Kazakhstan has borders. Talas south of the border, “Huang Yu Chi Western figure,” said: “The map has a Basescu Renan, Northwest Bank, to blow Guo Renan, and a northwest walking Taras also Guo Renan, as both the Ministry of the old quasi-Xinjiang. “early 18th century, chief strategy Zungar jump on the boundary question Allah Bu Tanprotested to Russia, accusing the Russian territory in the Junggar establish Bisque and ????? fortress, and declared Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Novokuznetsk Junggar territory. Yongzheng seven years (1729 ) Junggar and Russia to hold talks on borders, Junggar leaders again protested against Russian invasion. Galdan policy of zero to the throne, the drawing of the Junggar map. Later, the Junggar who was given a drawing of the Northwest Territory of the Qing Dynasty who was given a gar Northwest Frontier Qing drawn map, the map names to mark the text Meng Gutuo Intuit, is rarely seen in the desert west of Tod Oirat people to use a map marked with high academic value. In summary, 18 century, due to the invasion of Russia, south Junggar, and its approximate boundaries of the Northwest Territory from Novokuznetsk, Bisque, ????? to Ust – kamen ?????, south along the old AyaAdams River to Lake Balkhash, Lake Balkhash and then from the West, through to the middle reaches of the Chu River Talas. Talas, south Junggar the boundary line in the east roughly from Talas, Talas along the mountains, and then to the southeast, along the dry Nana Fair mountains to the southeast and the phase at the Alai mountains.

2 Maps of the Qing Dynasty and the formation of boundaries

Qing mapping of Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains in the later Qianlong’s uniform. He Guozong measurement Tianshan Road, Ming Figure measurement Tianshan road, as far as Tashkent, Samarkand and Kashmir Sama. Liu Tongxun responsible for the investigation interview, drew 52 maps, which are collected the more important to the “Illustrated Record of the Western Regions” in the. We are in the hands of the master pieces of territory in the northwest Junggar Figure: Renate 1 Figure 2 Figure and Renate drawn with the Qing Dynasty “Qianlong atlas within the government,” “complete map of the Western Regions” were compared. It can be seen, the Qing Dynasty was drawn maps of the country, including the Junggar complete dominion of the territory.
Second, again to analyze the map of the Tibet region.
For Tibet, “Qing Yi Tong Zhi” in the records of the case of measurement: “Fifty-three years of the dynasty Kangxi, sent Tibetan Lama Qin Chu children of Pakistan, Brian Wood, principal of Disaster paintings such as West wins stay Maps, measurementterrain, in order for the world of the ridge, the mountains of the pulse, chosen to go from here “was a missionary in Beijing, the situation in Tibet written more detailed measurements, it contains: Emperor Kangxi of the Catholic Church who measured the map failed pro-Tibet. But the troops of Emperor Kangxi in Tibet, has been sent in the possession of drawing, drawing people back to Beijing two years later, in 1711 the figure to the missionaries Lei Xiaosi review. Jingwei Lei Xiaosi that figure undetermined location, easy connections with the other map, can not be used.But the figure recorded in detail, compared to other contemporary maps, has won a chip, it can be said that the first map of Tibet. But the plan failed to come down. Emperor Kangxi was also sent to learn mathematics in Astronomical measurements Lama, from Xining to Lhasa, from Lhasa to re-measure the source of the Ganges, because Allah Butan jump invasion of Tibet policy, just to the Ganges River originates at the Lama, that is not go forward, returned to Beijing, its drawing, many mining various rumors.Mapping of the missionaries Lama plans to re-examine the map of Tibet. This picture was painted in the reign of Emperor Kangxi fifty years into the etching of the “whole lan Huang Yu”, the Emperor said: “” Huang Yu full view map, “I charge more than thirty years effort, may only concluded as, mountains, waterways, with and Yu Gong consistency “,” Huang Yu whole lan “” Southeast Northeast, are bounded by the international sea, southwest of the northwest, directly back to the tribes Fan, Yao Hai A hoe as well as the country must domain, “Fifty-eight years of Emperor Kangxi,” WongAll lan yu, “Tibet has included. Fifty-eight years of Emperor Kangxi, “Huang Yu full view map” and fifty-six years of Kangxi map comparison, the difference mainly in the increase of Tibet map, Tibet, to fill the vacancy. This is, in the fifty-nine-year reign of Emperor Kangxi (1720) of the Edict of further affirmation of Emperor Kangxi, said: “I am in geography, from the child care, where the ancient mountains on the edge of Jiao ya name shortage TRADE

About the Author

Bel is working at train to Tibet Travel Agency which is a reliable travel service company in Beijing providing various Beijing and China travel information, travel tips, culture knowledge and tour services. For taking tours of Beijing and China, please visit China Tibet tours for details.
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